When cows were fed with an aflatoxin free diet, milk production increased over 25%. Aflatoxin b1 in feeds can decrease milk production, reduce fertility and increase susceptibility to infections. During pasteurization of milk, about 90% or more of the afm1 is retained in the milk but during cheese manufacturing, there is a partitioning of. Pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and. The level of aflatoxin contamination found in this study in milk and feed should prompt action to identify suitable interventions. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the greater addis ababa. Aflatoxins in corn 3 consequences of high concentrations of aflatoxin in corn aflatoxins are very potent compounds that cause a variety of human and animal health problems.
Afm1 was also detected greater than the standard from milk and milk products. High aflatoxin contamination of feed was found in the addis ababa milk shed. B1 is the predominate form aflatoxin b1 when ingested by animals is converted to aflatoxin m1. The four times hydrated aflatoxinb1and b2 is converted to aflatoxin m1 and m2 respectively. These compounds are demonstrated liver toxins and liver carcinogens. Prevalence of aflatoxin in feeds and cow milk from five. Effects of aflatoxin contamination of grains in ethiopia international. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed in ethiopia barbara szonyi, dawit gizachew, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace i o.
Worldwide limits for total aflatoxins in food figure 15. New ilri study finds high levels of aflatoxin in milk and. But ethiopia s aflatoxin contamination of milk is on average 0. The aflatoxin level of milk and cow feed around addis ababa is beyond the international level as per your study report march 2015 46. Milk and milk products are infected due to the cows feed on aflatoxin contaminated feed. This hepatic hydroxylated form of afb1 was originally called milk toxin. A crosssectional study of aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds was carried out in five counties in kenya representing different agroecological zones. Several researches show that afb1 is the most common aflatoxin in ethiopia from most commodities at a very much higher level. The singular phenomenon of the high transfer of aflatoxin b1 to the milkborne afm1 results from a preventive decontamination triggered by the animal. Aflatoxin m1 afm1 is the principal hydroxylated afb1 metabolite present in milk of cows fed with a diet contaminated with afb1and excreted within 12 hours of administration of contaminated feeds.
It is at this critical point that childhood undernutrition occurs and the condition manifests as stunting. In many asian countries and in iran no severe control method for aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products has been applied. Worldwide limits for aflatoxin b 1 in food figure 14. Prevalence of aflatoxin in feeds and cow milk from five counties in kenya. In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin m1 afm1 levels during labscale ergo production. Aflatoxins are toxins produced by fungi and found in foods and feeds, and exp. Kenya survey of informal milk retailers in nairobi, kenya and prevalence of aflatoxin m1 in marketed milk. These metabolites are not destroyed during the pasteurization and heating process. This is the predominate aflatoxin found in milk aflatoxins can occur preharvest, in the field, or postharvest, due to delayed drying andor improper. Milk and animal feed samples analyzed for aflatoxin level at bless agri food laboratory services plc, iso 170252005 accredited in addis ababa, ethiopia. There was moderate correlation between aflatoxins in milk and in feed. The maize crop is third most important crop in ethiopia after wheat and teff and accounts for largest share in total crop production befekadu and berhanu 2000. The first reported case on aflatoxin m1 contamination was in ovine milk, after feeding contaminated feed with afb1. This study was initiated to assess the knowledge and practices.
How to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts and maize a guide for extension workers. The action level for aflatoxin b 1 is 20 parts per billion for feed fed to lactating dairy cows. Prevention aflatoxins will only contaminate plants that have already been weakened by other factors, such as drought or pests. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk and its products in bomet.
How to reduce aflatoxin contamination in groundnuts and. The milk from the farms supplying the dairy was positive for aflatoxin m 1 ranging from milk assay and feb 11, 2014 dairy feed project to reduce aflatoxin contamination in kenyas milk posted on 11 feb 2014 by paul karaimu leave a comment mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, are toxins found in food that can cause illness and be lethal in high doses. Aflatoxins in animal feeds and animal feed ingredients and. Ranges and medians of limits for total aflatoxins in food per world region figure 16. Washe departmentofchemistry,hawassauniversity,pbox,hawass, ethiopia. Many countries standards limits of aflatoxins m1 ranged between 0 to 0. Review on chemical residues in milk and their public health concern in ethiopia samuel aytenfsu1, gezehegne mamo 2 and bedaso kebede 1 1veterinary drug and animal feed administration and control authority, ministry of livestock and fisheries, addis ababa, ethiopia 2college of veterinary medicine and agriculture, addis ababa university, ethiopia corresponding author. Presence of aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum. International crops research institute for the semiarid tropics. Aflatoxin contamination in milk and its products is produced in two ways. The milk is hence healthy and could be used without any concerns or risks of contamination.
Aflatoxin level in dairy products in addis area has no health risk. Review on chemical residues in milk and their public health concern in ethiopia samuel aytenfsu1, gezehegne mamo 2 and bedaso kebede 1 1veterinary drug and animal feed administration and control authority, ministry of livestock and fisheries, addis ababa, ethiopia. Jun 17, 2016 ethiopia crop agriculture is very complicated, involving substantial alteration in crops cultivated around the different parts of country chilot et al. The study aimed at determining the level of aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products from bomet county. Aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of aspegillus fungi that can contaminate animal feed. Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut arachis hypogaea l. The results showed gradual and incubation time dependent reduction of afm1 level in the raw milk samples being fermented to ergo. The european commissions rapid alert system for food and feed rasff has reported 10 notifications of aflatoxin b1 in maize of european origin since the last maize harvest in autumn 2012. Feb 26, 2018 classification of aflatoxins other members of the aflatoxin family aftm1 and aftm2 are oxidative forms of aftb1 modified in the digestive tract of animals isolated from milk, urine and feces the level of toxicity associated with aflatoxin varies with the types present aftb1 aftg1 aftb2 aftg2 6 11.
The aflatoxins are designated as b1, b2, g1, and g2. In ethiopia, an earlier report showed mean levels of aflatoxin b1 of 34. Lastly, there are healthcare costs associated with aflatoxin exposure, and smallholder farmer families are most likely to consume contaminated crops6. A survey of aflatoxin m1 contamination in raw milk. Aflatoxins in animal feeds and animal feed ingredients and milk aflatoxins are a group of chemically related toxins produced as natural byproducts during the growth of certain common molds. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify the amount of afm1 in raw cows milk and afb1 in dairy feed samples in the greater addis ababa milk shed using a value chain approach. Gizachew d, szonyi b, tegegne a, hanson j, grace d 2016 aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis ababa. Researcharticle reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional fermented milk ergo production tsigeshiguteandalemayehup. Aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products is considered to pose certain hygienic risks for human health. Aflatoxin level in dairy products in addis area has no. Lack of awareness on aflatoxin contamination increases the risk of damage to.
In cows aflatoxin b1 is converted to a metabolite m1 which appears in milk. Reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional. A backward manual approach was used to model the relationship between. So far, most dairy animals are being kept for subsistence purposes in smallholder mixed crop livestock, pastoral and agropastoral systems.
Download fulltext pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges. At present it appears that the feed for the affected herds may have come from a single source, so this is not a general alert just a headsup. Ministry denies the study about high level of aflatoxin in milk. Cows that consume afb1contaminated feed excrete aflatoxin m1 afm1 in their milk. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis. In the 10 years prior to the last harvestbetween 2001 and 2011a total of. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in. There are 4 aflatoxins produced by fungus growth in grains. This indicates that a lot of ethiopian people are at danger of aflatoxin contamination.
Ilri the level of aflatoxin in dairy products in addis ababa area has no health effect, the international livestock research. Milk adulteration occurs at aflatoxin levels far below those that cause health problems in cows. In ethiopia, a currently ongoing study has revealed high levels of contamination of dairy feeds with aflatoxins in the greater addis milk shed. Similar waivers were granted in 2005, 2003 and 1988. All the milk samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin m1 and over 90% of the milk samples contained aflatoxin m1 levels that exceeded the european union limit of 5 ppb. Chandra prakash singh analytical diligence services 20. Now, a new research study published in the journal food control 6 july 2015 has, for the first time, documented aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds in ethiopia and the results show that milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed are highly contaminated with aflatoxins. They present in the milk of lactating mammals which have consumed aflatoxin contaminated feed. A gradual decrease in ph of the milk samples was observed during fermentation. There have been a couple of loads of milk dumped in south west indiana because of violative levels of aflatoxin.
Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of aspergillus fungi that can contaminate various food and feed products. Presence of aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum statesudan s. Aflatoxin m1 in fresh milk collected from local markets of karachi. Dairy intensification and milk market quality in amhara region, ethiopia vii executive summary ethiopia is one of the largest livestockkeeping countries in africa.
Danone romania also withdrew some 75 tons of milk products from the shelves. Federal limits on grain for lactating animals are 20 ppb. Both the fungi are reported to produce four principle kinds of aflatoxins i. Aflatoxins were detected in 34200 17% of the urine samples whereby four out of five analysed aflatoxins. Strategies for chemoprotection agains aflatoxin induced liver cancer. Milk aflatoxin m 1 contamination of milk results primarily from the conversion of aflatoxin b 1 that is metabolized by enzymes found primarily in the liver. In ethiopia aflatoxins are detected from several crops especially from maize and groundnut. Aflatoxin is excreted into milk within12 hours in the form of aflatoxin m1 with residues approximately equal to 1. The relative proportions of aflatoxin b1, aflatoxin g1, aflatoxin b2 and aflatoxin g2 on crops depend on the particular aspergillus species present. Ikins introduction aflatoxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain strains of molds, namely, aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus. Fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination in maize.
Pets also have died on several occasions in the past 20 years. Animals are exposed to mycotoxins such as the aflatoxins by consumption of feeds contaminated by mycotoxin. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the. Converting milk that may contain aflatoxin into a cheese, such as feta cheese, reduces the exposure of the consumer to this toxin. Worldwide limits for aflatoxin m 1 in milk figure 17.
Dairy intensification and milk market quality in amhara. Aflatoxin m 1 is the mycotoxin found in milk and is converted normally from aflatoxin b 1 in feed although other conversions may occur. Cows that consume afb1contaminated feed excrete aflatoxin m1 afm1 in their milk dawit et al. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater. It is a popular ingredient for foods used at the point of weaning infants from mothers milk.
Nov 23, 2010 the feeds are to be screened for fungi and mycotoxins and the milk samples for aflatoxin m 1. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia dawit gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace consultative workshop on milk quality addis ababa, ethiopia 2526 june 2015 2. A decade of aflatoxin m1 surveillance in milk and dairy products in developing countries 2001 2011. Aflatoxin is excreted into milk within 12 hours in the form of aflatoxin m1 with residues approximately equal to 1. For dairy cattle, carryoverrates of 16% with an average of 2. This study was carried out to detect aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum state sudan. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia dawit gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace consultative workshop on milk quality addis ababa, ethiopia 2526 june 2015. Mycotoxines andor aflatoxines in milk and milk products. Aflatoxin b1 is the most toxic and the most prevalent yu, 2004. For this reason, a study was conducted to assess aflatoxin exposure among young children in ethiopia using urinary biomarkers.
The direct measurement of biomarkers of exposure in biological fluids such as urine has become important for assessing aflatoxin exposure in humans as it is the only tool that integrates exposures from various routes. Review on the impact of aflatoxine in dairy industry. Jul 20, 2015 now, a new research study published in the journal food control 6 july 2015 has, for the first time, documented aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds in ethiopia and the results show that milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed are highly contaminated with aflatoxins. These results suggest that risk mitigation should focus on noug cake to effectively reduce aflatoxin contamination in perurban dairy value chains in ethiopia.
In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin m1 afm1 levels during labscale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of afm1 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. According to results obtained in this study, aflatoxin m1 was found in 100% of raw milk samples with 14. Exploring child health and its ecologykirkos study in addis ababa. Afb1, the most potent aflatoxin was the predominant aflatoxin across all feeds with an average concentration of 9. Lri research brief n date ye ar ilri research brief 46 6 june 2015 14 introduction aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of aspergillus fungi. Research frame, project description and data evaluation. Aflatoxins m1 and m2 are oxidative metabolic products of aflatoxins b1 and b2 produced by animals following ingestion, and so appear in milk both animal and human, urine and faeces.
Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis. Afm1 was also detected greater than the standard from milk and milk products in ethiopia. Afm1 in milk has been shown to decline as contaminated feed is withdrawn, with no traces of aflatoxin in milk being detected after 34 days of withdrawal 11, 12. Aflatoxin management for smallholder farmers of maize and. This is the predominate aflatoxin found in milk aflatoxins can occur preharvest, in the field.
The most common aflatoxins are b 1, b 2, g 1, g 2, m 1 and m 2. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure among young children in. Afm1 has been shown to be hepatocarcinogenic at 50ppb in fischer male rats with the potency of 210% of that of afb1 and also induces low incidences of intestinal adenocarcinomas. M1 afm1, a product of aflatoxin b1 afb1 metabolism, can be found in milk in areas of high aflatoxin exposure. Aflatoxicol is a reductive metabolite of aflatoxin b1. Icrisat holds the to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for noncommercial purposes.
Ppt aflatoxin b1 powerpoint presentation free to download. Analysis to ascertain the determination for aflatoxin. Aflatoxin m1 has been detected in high concentration throughout subsaharan africa in cows milk and in human breast milk, putting infants at high risk. The carryover rates of aflatoxin b1 through oral intake and the metabolization to aflatoxin m1 in milk depend on the animal species, but there is also a large variation within species. These indicate that the damage caused by aflatoxin in ethiopia is. A decade of aflatoxin m surveillance in milk and dairy. Aflatoxin b1 and m1 contamination of animal feeds and milk. June 2015 14 aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the. Aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus bennett and klich 2003. Peanuts arachis hypogaea is an important and affordable source of protein in most of subsaharan africa ssa and a popular commodity and raw material for peanut butter, paste and cooking oil. Aflatoxins refer to a group of several chemicals produced by the aspergillus flavus fungus and related species. Japan assessment of preharvest aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of maize in babati district, tanzania. Request pdf aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of. Subsequently humans may be exposed to this aflatoxin through milk and milk products, including breast milk, especially in areas where the poorest quality grain is used for animal feed.
Background hepatotoxic mycotoxin toxin from a fungus produced by the fungi aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus causes. June 2015 14 aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in. After aflatoxin m 1 is formed, it is excreted in the urine and milk of the cow. Determination of aflatoxin was conducted using a very competent method of higher performance liquid chromatography hplc techniques. Effects of aflatoxin contamination of grains in ethiopia.
Ia mandating aflatoxin testing in milk for m1 aspergillus most present in 2012. However, aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds has not been reported until now. Corn containing greater than 500 ppb aflatoxin cannot be blended. The food and drug administration in the usa usfda sets action level for afm1 in milk and total aflatoxin in animal feed to be 0. Factors affecting aspergillus flavus group infection and aflatoxin contamination of crops. Aflatoxin levels in cow milk and feed in the addis ababa milk shednew study posted on 30 oct 2015 by susan macmillan 30 comments ethiopian farmer with fresh milk.
A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. This indicates that a lot of developing countries people are at danger of aflatoxin. Jul 21, 2015 aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia 1. While most of the milk samples in the study did exceed the eu limit of 0.